Author
Directorate of Education of Nineveh, Mosul, Iraq.
,
Document Type : Research Article
Abstract
This research investigates the potential of microalgae as a sustainable resource for bioenergy production using a microbial fuel cell (MFC)[1] technology. It explores the general taxonomy and characteristics of algae, outlines the different generations of biofuels, and highlights the benefits and limitations of algae-derived biofuels. Particular emphasis is placed on integrating bio-electrochemical systems that simultaneously treat wastewater and generate electricity. The study demonstrates that utilizing algae in MFCs not only supports organic biomass production but also enhances nitrogen recovery and energy efficiency. Through experimental trials with various electrode modifications, the research confirms that algal biomass can effectively function as both a biofuel substrate and a sustainable energy solution. These findings propose a closed-loop, self-sufficient energy system with minimal environmental impact, offering a viable alternative to fossil fuels.
- A. M. Adhabi, Scientific Algae. Basra, Iraq: Univ. of Basra, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Directorate of Publishing and Publishing House, 2014
- R. Salman, M. Khalil, and A. Ibrahim, “Self-renewing water technology using algae,” National Center for Excellence, no. 62, pp. 1–40, 2015.
- Y. J. Al-Shahari, O. Al-Katib, and Z. W. Al-Jader, Algae and Scientific Archaeon. Mosul, Iraq: Univ. of Mosul, College of Education for Pure Sciences, 2009.
- A. N. Al-Tamimi, Lectures in Algology, pp. 115–118, 2019.
- B. A. Hassan and T. M. Ibrahim, Algae and Archaeonids, 2020.
- A. Almutatier, “Production of biofuels from the green alga Tetraselmis,” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K., 2015.
- D. Ahuja and M. Tatsutani, “Sustainable energy for developing countries,” SAPI EN. S. Surveys and Perspectives Integrating Environment and Society, vol. 2, no. 1, 2009. [Online]. Available: http://journals.openedition.org/sapiens/823.
- T. M. Al-Akeely, “The possibility of stimulating some locally isolated algae to produce biofuel,” Ph.D. thesis, College of Education for Pure Sciences Ibn Al-Haitham, Univ. of Baghdad, Iraq, 2016, p. 256.
- H. A. Al-Alwan, A. H. Al-Munshed, and H. Al-Jaafari, “Promising development of biofuel generations: A review of the topic,” Renewable Energy Focus, vol. 28, pp. 127–139, 2019.
- A. A. Al-Masry, Q. M. Ghassan, and H. B. Sunbli, A Study on the Production and Manufacture of Biofuels. Syrian Arab Republic: Al-Baath Univ., General Diploma, 2015, p. 59.
- B. Al-Mashat, “Biofuel production and sustainable development,” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 18, no. 5, p. 15, 2011.
- H. A. Alwan, A. H. Alminshid, and H. A. Aljaafari, “Promising evolution of biofuel generations: Subject review,” Renewable Energy Focus, vol. 28, pp. 127–139, 2019.
- K. Dutta, A. Daverey, and J. G. Lin, “Evolution retrospective for alternative fuels: First to fourth generation,” Renewable Energy, vol. 69, pp. 114–122, 2014.
- M. Siraaous and A. A. Nizam, “Use of a local strain of Botryococcus braunii in biofuel production,” Al-Baath University Journal, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 103–125, 2015.
- I. A. Al-Ajouza, “The efficiency of using petroleum energy resources in the light of the theory of exhaustible resources,” Scientific Journal of Business and Environmental Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 277–308, 2016.
- H. B. Mashat, “Biofuel production and sustainable development,” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 51–65, 2011.
- H. Abu Al-Naja, Biofuel Production, Features, Risks, Uses, Environmental and Developmental Impacts. Cairo, Egypt: Academic Library for Publishing, Egyptian Joint Stock Company, p. 82. 2011,
- B. Abdullah, S. A. F. A. S. Muhammad, Z. Shokravi, S. Ismail, K. A. Kassim, A. N. Mahmood, and M. M. A. Aziz, “Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 107, pp. 37–50, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.018.
- G. Dragone, B. D. Fernandes, A. A. Vicente, and J. A. Teixeira, “Third generation biofuels from microalgae,” 2010.
- W.K. Lee, Y.K. Ryu, W.Y. Choi, T. Kim, A. Park, Y.J. Lee, Y. Jeong, C.G. Lee, and D.H. Kang, “Year-round cultivation of Tetraselmis sp. for essential lipid production in a semi-open raceway system,” Marine Drugs, vol. 19, no. 6, p. 314, 2021, doi: 10.3390/md19060314..
- T. A. Al-Sumaidaie, “Investigation of biofuel from some microalgae using protoplast isolation and integration technology,” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq, 2020, p. 176.
- Y. del S. Matabanchoy-Mesias, Y. A. Rodríguez-Caicedo, and M. A. Imués-Figueroa, “Population growth of Chlorella sp. in three types of tubular photobioreactors under laboratory conditions,” Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 2094–2106, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://www.bioflux.com.ro/aacl
- F. M. Yusoff, N. Nagao, Y. Imaizumi, and T. Toda, “Bioreactor for microalgal cultivation systems: Strategy and development,” in Prospects of Renewable Bioprocessing in Future Energy Systems, pp. 117–159, 2019, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-14463-0_4.
- M. Płaczek, A. Patyna, and S. Witczak, “Technical evaluation of photobioreactors for microalgae cultivation,” E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 19, p. 02032, 2017, doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20171902032.
- T. A. K. Al-Sumaidaie, Y. J. Al-Shaher, and Q. S. Al-Naam, “Investigation of important fatty acids for biofuel production from a number of microalgae,” Journal of Education & Science, vol. 30, no. 2, 2021.
- K. Bangert, “Photo-bioreactor modelling and development of methods for the optimisation of micro-algal biodiesel production,” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K., 2014.
- M. I. Khan, J. H. Shin, and J. D. Kim, “The promising future of microalgae: current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products,” Microbial Cell Factories, vol. 17, pp. 1–21, 2018.
- O. M. S. Al-Obaidi, “Testing the physical and chemical properties and their relationship to the qualitative variation of algae distribution in Duhok Dam Lake - Duhok,” M.S. thesis, College of Science, Tikrit Univ., Iraq, p. 118 2018.
- L. Harwood and I. A. Guschina, “The versatility of algae and their lipid metabolism,” Biochimie, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 679–684, 2009.
- N. N. Sushchik, G. S. Kalacheva, N. O. Zhila, M. I. Gladyshev, and T. G. Volova, “A temperature dependence of the intra- and extracellular fatty-acid composition of green algae and cyanobacterium,” Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 50, pp. 374–380, 2003.
- R. Harun, M. K. Danquah, and G. M. Forde, “Microalgal biomass as a fermentation feedstock for bioethanol production,” Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 199–203, 2010.
)
