Kerbala Journal for Engineering Science

One of the essential foundations that help strengthen the cultural identity of holy cities cultural identity is to preserve their physical and cultural components, tangible and intangible, that distinguish them from other cities.
It was introduced as a temporary or permanent case to address some service aspects in the holy cities, which made the city lose the architectural features that distinguish it—losing the place''s spirituality and the city''s memory. The study examines the main reasons that led to losing cities'' identity by introducing renewal projects as a temporary or permanent situation to address some aspects of the service in the holy cities. Thus, losing the place''s spirituality and the town''s memory.
The research aimed to preserve the identity of the sacred cities by setting standards for development projects that should respect the specificity of Najafi architecture. The research results were calculated based on the principles of urban sustainability. One of the most critical conservation criteria is to know the quality of the implemented and proposed projects through field surveys and studies dealing with these projects.
The research came up with several recommendations. First, preserve the architectural elements that characterize Najafi architecture. Second, Respect the context and not deviate from it. Third, knowing the model and standards for renovation and restoration projects, the original model must be simulated.
The research came out with several recommendations, including Preserving the architectural elements that characterize Najafi architecture, Respecting the context, and Knowing the model and standard in renovation and restoration projects. The research came up with several recommendations. First, preserve the architectural elements that characterize Najafi architecture. Second, Respect the context and not deviate from it. Third, knowing the model and standards for renovation and restoration projects, the original model must be simulated.
By dividing the research into several parts, it dealt with clarifying the most important planning and design foundations that preserve the heritage values of the ancient cities by reviewing the essential foundations for planning in Islamic cities, which led to formal formations of the main landmarks with certain characteristics that reflected the nature of life in Islamic cities through their relations with each other. While the other parts dealt with the study of urban development projects in the old city and subjecting them to the most important standards of urban sustainability, and then verifying whether these projects are considered under urban sustainability.

Deaf people use movements and physical expressions to reveal their ideas and feelings to their world. These expressions are called ‘sign language’, and like natural languages, there are many forms of signs worldwide. Deaf use one or two hands and sometimes use other body parts like the head, lips or eyes. Their gestures are by either static or dynamic hands, and they are a bit of complicated language. Therefore, other people need to understand the meaning of each of these signs and gestures to communicate with the Deaf community successfully. Human-computer interaction is an effective tool and an excellent trend to facilitate the communication and comprehension of the different sign languages used worldwide. The research community has tried to review the most important techniques and models used in deciphering and understanding sign languages. Every new research effort is directed towards improving these ways of communication. Some proposed models dealt with isolated signs, and others focused on continuous signs. This article represents a summary of multiple comprehensive reviews that studied different literature conducted on sign language recognition. The discussion in this review focuses on the systems and approaches that only deal with static hand gesture recognition. This work aims to provide a guide for researchers and practitioners to relate their work to existing research and gain insights into what their work can contribute to the field.

This article proposes to design and simulate a smart relay. These relays are installed devices that can be added to an electrical circuit and allow remote control. The main purpose of the proposed smart protection is to improve the dynamic performance of the IEEE 9-Bus network and reduce the number of interruptions and outages due to emergencies or accidents in the transmission system. The installation of a protection system with a smart relay using fuzzy logic control. Artificial controllers used to protect the electrical system by separating the parts that have malfunctioned while keeping the parts that did not fault by issuing a disconnection signal or directing the circuit breaker. Therefore, the protection system must be active and resolute by separating the symmetrical and asymmetrical faults from the transmission system and within the local and international standard specifications. It is worth noting that the MATLAB program and mathematical simulation were used to demonstrate the performance of the system. The proposed system is used to protect the transmission line using distance relays as main protection, and the overcurrent relays as a backup. A backup protection relay is used in case of failure main relay. The most important results depict that the time delay due to the logical relay is about 35ms; the proposed smart relay has a faster response than the logical relay.

Natural fibers have economic and environmental advantages, offering attractive alternatives for different applications such as automotive parts, door inserts, dashboards, seats, etc. In this research, the flexural properties (using 3 point bending test), S-N curve and endurance limit values were evaluated for composite materials. The blend contains 90% epoxy and 10% polyurethane by the weight fraction was used as matrix, cotton, jute and silk natural woven fibers were used as reinforcement, which was laminated by 0/90 and by a combination of 0/90 and 45/-45 Angle orientation for each type reinforcement. Then, the cotton layers were hybridized by three types of arrangement, which include: cross interfering between jute woven and unidirectional flax fiber as interplay (JF) woven (HCajf), short fibers of jute and silk distributed randomly (HCajs) and silk woven (HCas). A vacuum infusion system (VIS) was used to prepare the sample. SEM was used to investigate the characterization of microscopy images. The evaluated results showed that the mechanical properties, fatigue life and endurance limit value of a composite laminated with 0/90 Angle orientation is higher than the composites laminated by a combination arrangement of 0/90 and 45/-45 Angle orientation. Hybridization of the cotton composites by three-type arrangement (HCajf, HCajs and HCas) improved the mechanical properties, fatigue life and endurance limit increased by 38.229 %, 21.017 % and 6.303 %, respectively, the hybridization with natural silk fiber has a significant effect on the mechanical properties and ductility of the composite material. SEM tests for fatigue samples detected several types of damage mechanisms related together, which caused degradations growing on different scales.