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Chemical Stabilization of Sustainable Subbase by Addition of Cement and Cement Kiln Dust

    Authors

    • MANAR GHALEB ABBAS
    • Muna Fadhil AL-Kafaji
    • Shakir Al-Busaltan

    Department of Civil Engineering, Collage of Engineering, University of Kerbala, Iraq

,

Document Type : Research Article

10.63463/kjes1172
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Abstract

Soil stabilization has obtained significant attention to overcome challenges associated with weak soils. These efforts focus on improving soil properties, achieving economic benefits, and reducing environmental impacts. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of using waste or by-product materials to improve the characteristics of subbase layers through chemical stabilization, with a particular focus on reducing construction costs and enhancing structural performance. The methodology included the use of the Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as chemical stabilizers for two types of subbase materials(Type B and Type C). The percentage of stabilizers for each mixture was 7% by dry weight of subbase; three stabilizer combinations were used: 100% OPC, 100% CKD, and a 50/50 blend of OPC and CKD. Laboratory tests were conducted, including sieve analysis, modified Proctor, California Bearing Ratio , Atterberg limits, and unconfined compressive strength tests to assess the properties of the stabilized soils. The results showed that a mixture of OPC and CKD in equal proportions significantly enhanced the compressive strength of the subbase materials,performance was improved and the required thickness of pavement layers can be decreased, leading to a significant decrease in overall construction cost.

Keywords

  • California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
  • pavement materials
  • unconfined, compressive strength
  • soil stabilizer
  • and supplementary cementitious material
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References
[1]          G. Archibong, E. Sunday, J. Akudike, O. Okeke, and C. Amadi, "A review of the principles and methods of soil stabilization," International Journal of Advanced Academic Research| Sciences, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 2488-9849, 2020.
[2]          H. Solihu, "Cement soil stabilization as an improvement technique for rail track subgrade, and highway subbase and base courses: A review," Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1-6, 2020, doi: 10.37421/jcce.2020.10.344.
[3]          V. K. Caingles, S, E. Bergonia, J. K. Balangao, B, and I. Baguhin, A, "STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALLY STABILIZED ROAD SUBBASE MATERIALS WITH LIME SLUDGE AND FLY ASH," (in English), Science International (Lahore), vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 175-179, 2023-05-05 2023. [Online]. Available: https://hal.science/hal-04089675.
[4]          Z. Zafirovski, M. Markovski, S. Ognjenovic, V. Gacevski, I. Nedevska, and R. Ristov, "Subbase stabilization with fly ash," Facta universitatis-series: Architecture and Civil Engineering, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 79-88, 2024.
[5]          A. Y. Al-Bakri, H. M. Ahmed, and M. A. Hefni, "Cement kiln dust (CKD): potential beneficial applications and eco-sustainable solutions," Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 12, p. 7022, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127022.
[6]          A. M. Alhassani, S. M. Kadhim, and A. A. Fattah, "Stabilization of Clayey Soil Using Cement Kiln Dust as Sustainable Material," in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021, vol. 856, no. 1: IOP Publishing, p. 012038.
[7]          A. AKINBULUMA, "Stabilization of Lateritic Soil Sample from Ijoko with Cement Kiln Dust and Lime," Indonesian Journal Of Civil Engineering Education, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2023.
[8]          General Specifications for Roads and Bridges,Section R6 Iraq, GSRB, Baghdad, Iraq, 2003.
[9]          British Standard B12 "Specification for Portland cement", BSI, 2017.
[10]        AASHTO M85 Standard Specification for Portland Cement, AASHTO, Capitol street,N.W,suite249,washington20001, 2020.
[11]        Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3)), ASTMD1557, United States, 2021.
[12]        Standard Test Method for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils, ASTMD1883, United States, 2021.
[13]        Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils, ASTMD4318, United States, 2018.
[14]        Standard Practice for Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes, ASTMD3282, United States, 2024.
[15]        Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass, ASTMD2216, United States, 2019.
[16]        Guide for Design of Pavement Structures AASHTO, Capitol street,N.W,suite249,washington20001, 1993.
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Kerbala Journal for Engineering Sciences
Volume 5, Issue 3
September 2025
Pages 77-91
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  • Article View: 221
  • PDF Download: 117

APA

ABBAS, M., AL-Kafaji, M., & Al-Busaltan, S. (2025). Chemical Stabilization of Sustainable Subbase by Addition of Cement and Cement Kiln Dust. Kerbala Journal for Engineering Sciences, 5(3), 77-91. doi: 10.63463/kjes1172

MLA

MANAR GHALEB ABBAS; Muna Fadhil AL-Kafaji; Shakir Al-Busaltan. "Chemical Stabilization of Sustainable Subbase by Addition of Cement and Cement Kiln Dust". Kerbala Journal for Engineering Sciences, 5, 3, 2025, 77-91. doi: 10.63463/kjes1172

HARVARD

ABBAS, M., AL-Kafaji, M., Al-Busaltan, S. (2025). 'Chemical Stabilization of Sustainable Subbase by Addition of Cement and Cement Kiln Dust', Kerbala Journal for Engineering Sciences, 5(3), pp. 77-91. doi: 10.63463/kjes1172

VANCOUVER

ABBAS, M., AL-Kafaji, M., Al-Busaltan, S. Chemical Stabilization of Sustainable Subbase by Addition of Cement and Cement Kiln Dust. Kerbala Journal for Engineering Sciences, 2025; 5(3): 77-91. doi: 10.63463/kjes1172

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