Authors
1
Mechanical engineering department- Faculty engineering- University of Kufa - Najaf- Iraq
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
,
Document Type : Research Article
Abstract
In this work, functionally graded Materials (FGMs) were created by centrifugal force mixing polyester resin with silicon dioxide (SiO2) to create five layers, each having a thickness of 1.2 mm. Tensile composite specimens with varying volume fractions (0, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30)% are taken before the fabrication of the FGMs specimens, and their modulus of elasticity is subsequently computed. The fourth specimen was made using the exponential equation to describe the property distribution throughout the thickness of the three-points specimen, whereas the other three specimens were made using the power law equation when the power law index (β) was (0.5, 1, and 5). Flexural modulus of the functionally graded composite (FGMs) loaded from the neat polyester, raised by 37.1% for (β=0.5). When compared to pristine polyester, the flexural modulus improved by 33.3% for (β=1). The increase in (β=5)'s flexural modulus was (27.78%). The flexural modulus improved by 24.5% with exponential FGMs.Good correlations are observed, with the greatest absolute discrepancy between the numerical and experimental outcomes being 14.6% when the power law index (β) is at (0.5).The results of the experimental flexural test were verified using Design Modeler (ANSYS Workbench R2 2021).
- Saleh, J. Jiang, A. Ma, D. Song and D. Yang “Effect of main parameters on the mechanical and wear behavior of functionally graded materials by centrifugal casting” a review, Met Mater, Int. 25, pp.1395– 409, 2019.
- Fathi, A. Ma, B. Saleh, Q. Xu and J. Jiang “Investigation on mechanical properties and wear performance of functionally graded AZ91-SiCp composites via centrifugal casting” Mater Today Communication, 24,2020.
- Saleh, J. Jiang, R. Fathi, Q. Xu, L. Wang and A. Ma “Study of the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AZ91–SiCp composites fabricated by stir casting” Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 20, pp. 1-14, 2020.
- Xu, A. Ma, Y. Li, B. Saleh, Y. Yuan, J. Jiang and C. Ni “Enhancement of mechanical properties and rolling formability in AZ91 alloy by RD-ECAP processing” Materials 12,2019.
- M. El-Galy, B. I. Bassiouny and M.H. Ahmed “Empirical model for dry sliding wear behaviour of centrifugally cast functionally graded Al/SiCp composite” Key Engineering Materials, 786, pp.276–85, 2018.
- Li and B. Han “Research and application of functionally gradient materials” In IOP Conference Series, Material Science and Engineering, 394, pp.1–7, 2018.
- T. Loy, K. Y. Lam and J. N. Reddy “Vibration of functionally graded cylindrical shells” International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 41, pp.309-324, 1999.
- K. Chauhan and I.A. Khan “Review on Analysis of Functionally Graded Material Beam Type Structure” International Journal of Advanced Mechanical Engineering, 4, 3, pp. 299-306 2014.
- Tarlochan “functionally graded material: a new breed of engineered material” Journal of Applied Mechanical Engineering, 1, 5, pp.1–2, 2012.
- Singh S, Dwivedi UK, Chandra Shukla S. “Recent advances in polymer based functionally graded Composites” Mater Today Proc, 47, pp. 3001–3005, 2021.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.324.
- Siddhartha, Singh AK. “Mechanical and dry sliding wear characterization of short glass fiber reinforced polyester-based homogeneous and their functionally graded composite materials” Proc Inst Mech Eng L, J Mater, Des Appl, 229, 4, pp. 274–298, 2015.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420713511429
- Singh AK, Siddhartha “A Novel Technique for Manufacturing Polypropylene Based Functionally Graded Materials” Int Polym. Process, 33, 2, pp.197–205, 2018.
https://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.3449.
- Kumar MS, Kumar SD, Kumar PR. “Flexural Properties of Functionally Graded Epoxy-Alumina Polymer Nanocomposite” Mater Today Proc, 5, 2, pp.8431–5, 2018.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.538.
- Karakoti, S. Pandey, V.R. Kar “Bending analysis of sandwich shell panels with exponentially graded core” Materials Today, Proceedings, 28, 3, pp. 1706-1708, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.132.
- A. Xavior, D. Nishanth, N.N. Kumar, P. Jeyapandiarajan “Synthesis and Testing of FGM made of ABS Plastic Material” Materials Today, Proceedings, 22, 4, pp. 1838-1844, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.018.
- Seyedkanani, H. Niknam, A.H. Akbarzadeh “Bending behavior of optimally graded 3D printed cellular beams” Additive Manufacturing, 35, pp. 101327, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101327.
- Shareef M, Al-Khazraji A, Amin S. “Flexural Properties of Functionally Graded Polymer Alumina Nanoparticles” ETJ, 39, 5A, pp.821–35, 2021.
https://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i5A.1949.
- Srikarun, W. Songsuwan, N. Wattanasakulpong “Linear and nonlinear static bending of sandwich beams with functionally graded porous core under different distributed loads” Composite Structures, 276, 114538, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114538.
- Yu, W.B. Hou, P. Hu, H. Yang, X. Jia “Failure analysis and bending performance of carbon fiber composite sandwich structures with corrugated cores” Journal of Sandwich Structures and Materials, 23, 5, pp. 1427-1452, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1099636219891598.
- Atta, A. Abu-Sinna, S. Mousa, H.E.M. Sallam, A. A. Abd-Elhady “Flexural Behavior of Functionally Graded Polymeric Composite Beams” Journal of Industrial Textiles, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/15280837211000365.
- Li, T., Xue, J., Luo, W., & Zhu, J. “Effects of Power Ultrasound on Precipitation Process of Sodium Silicate Solutions” EPD Congress, pp. 109–116, 2015.
- Franco Dominici. “Study and characterization of thermomechanical properties of fiber-reinforced and nano-structured composites based on engineering and high performance polymeric matrices for high temperature applications”. PhD thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, 2017.
- Valery V. Vasiliev and Evgeny V. Morozov “Advanced Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structural Elements” Elsevier Ltd, 2007.
- Raghad Azeez Neamah, Ameen Ahmad Nassar, Luay S. Alansari “Buckling Simulation of Simply Support FG Beam Based on Different beam theories”, Basrah Journal for Engineering Sciences, 21, 3, pp. 10-24, 2021.
- K. Njim, S.H. Bakhy and M. Al-Waily “Analytical and numerical flexural properties of polymeric porous functionally graded (PFGM) sandwich beams” Journal of Achievements of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 110, 1, pp. 5-15, 2022.
- ASTM D638 “Annual Book of ASTM Standards” American Society of Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, 2014.
- Mahdi Mahmood Shaker “Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Fatigue Behavior of Functionally Graded Composite Reinforced by Nano Material”. Phd. thesis, University of Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department, 2022.
- ASTM D790 “Annual Book of ASTM Standards” American Society of Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, 2014.
- Sadiq Emad Sadiq “Investigation of Static and Dynamic Analysis Of Aluminum Matrix Composites Lightweight Plates”. Phd. thesis, University of Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department, 2016.
- Emad Kadum Najm “Characterization of Porous Functionally Graded Materials in Vibration and Buckling of Sandwich Plates”. Phd. thesis, University of Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department, 2021.